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International Finance and Economic Recovery

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International Finance and Economic Recovery

POLICY BRIEFS

Policy Briefs contain recommendations or visions and cover policy areas that are of interest to G20 policymakers. The majority of the Policy Briefs has been developed by a corresponding T20 Task Force.

T20 Recommendations Reports tie related policy proposals made under different G20 Presidencies into a common policy advice framework. They aim to leverage connections between T20 research organizations as well as other stakeholders to address well-defined global problems, in order to support G20 policymakers and to aid business and civil society organizations in complementing G20 policy efforts.

  • Recommendations (73)
  • Visions (0)
  • General Literature (6)
  • COVID-19-related Literature (9)
  • G20 2022

    The Role Of The IMF In Facilitating Green Energy Transitions
    • Sara Ahmed (The Vulnerable 20 Group)
    • Laveesh Bhandari (Center for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP), New Delhi (India))
    • Rishikesh Ram Bhandary (Boston University)
    • Amar Bhattacharya (Brookings Institiution)
    • Aasheerwad Dwivedi (Center for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP), New Delhi (India))
    • Noel Perez (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC))
    • Daniel Titelman (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean)
    • Marilou Uy (Intergovernmental Group of 24 on International Monetary Affairs and Development)
  • G20 2022

    Addressing The Needs Of Tax Incentive Reform Under Pillar Two – Global Minimum Tax Model Rules
    • Yulianti Abbas
    • Riatu Mariatul Qibthiyyah (Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia)
    • Syahda Sabrina (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia)
    • Christine Tjen (Tax Education and Research Center, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia)
  • G20 2022

    Enabling Pragmatic Policies: Leveraging ESG Frameworks Towards A Just Transition
    • Emre Hatipoglu (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center)
    • Puneet Kamboj (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center)
    • Sara Lechtenberg-Kasten (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center)
    • Jitendra Roychoudhury (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center)
  • G20 2022

    Inclusive Economic Development Principles For Integrating Central Bank Digital Currencies In G20 Countries
    • Krish Chetty (HSRC BRICS Research Centre)
    • Yuwen Dai (Zhejiang University International Business School)
    • Jaya Josie (Zhejiang University International Business School)
    • Ronney Ncwadi (School of Economics, Development and Tourism, Nelson Mandela University)
    • David Wen (Zhejiang University International Business School)
  • G20 2022

    International Financing Framework To Bridge The Climate Financing Gap Between Developed And Developing Countries
    • Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia)
    • Alvin Ulido Lumbanraja (Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management)
  • G20 2022

    For An African Stability Mechanism
    • Rob Floyd (The African Center for Economic Transformation)
    • KY Amoako (African Centre for Economic Transformation)
    • Daniel Cohen (Finance for Development Lab, Paris School of Economics)
    • Brendan Harnoys-Vannier (Finance for Development Lab, Paris School of Economics)
    • Sebastien Villemot (Finance for Development Lab, Paris School of Economics)
  • G20 2022

    International Standardisation Of Institutional Framework Of Fintech
    • Daehee Jeong (Korea Development Institute)
    • Deok Ryong Yoon (Korea Development Institute)
  • G20 2022

    Supporting Energy Transitions And COVID-19 Recovery: The Role Of International Financial Institutions
    • Rishikesh Ram Bhandary (Boston University)
    • Zdenka Myslikova (The Fletcher School, Tufts University)
    • Daniela Staicu (The Bucharest University of Economic Studies)
    • Najeeb Ullah (University of Engineering and Applied Science, Swat)
  • G20 2022

    Policy Proposals For External Debt Management And Sustainability In Developing And Low-Income Countries
    • Arjan de Haan (International Development Research Centre)
    • Ramiro Albrieu (Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad)
    • Dionisio Borda (Centro de Analisis y Difusién de la Economia Paraguaya)
    • Mma Amara Ekeruche (Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (CSEA))
    • Alemayehu Geda (Addis Ababa University)
    • Paul Lakuma (Economic Policy Research Centre)
    • Fernando Lorenzo (Centro de Investigaciones Economicas)
    • Luis Miguel Galindo (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México)
  • G20 2022

    Debt Relief For A Green And Inclusive Recovery
    • Shamshad Akhtar (Karandaaz Pakistan)
    • Jörg Haas (Heinrich Böll Foundation)
    • Ulrich Volz (Centre for Sustainable Finance, SOAS, University of London)
  • G20 2022

    Resolving Debt Crises In Developing Countries: How Can The G20 Contribute To Operationalising The Common Framework?
    • Kathrin Berensmann (German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS))
    • Mma Amara Ekeruche (Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (CSEA))
    • Christopher Heitzig (Africa Growth Initiative (AGI), Brookings Institution)
    • Aloysius Ordu (Africa Growth Initiative (AGI), Brookings Institution)
    • Lemma W Senbet (University of Maryland and Brookings AGI Distinguished Advisory Group)
  • G20 2022

    ESG Investing: Beyond The Standards
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
  • G20 2022

    Digital Payments, Decentralised Finance And The Design Of A New Normal For Financial Stability
    • Jose Siaba Seerrate (Argentine Council For International Relations)
  • G20 2022

    Digital Payments And Cross-Border Capital Flows: Policy Actions To Safeguard Macrofinancial Stability
    • John Beirne (Asian Development Bank Institute)
    • Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia)
  • G20 2022

    Sharpening The Profile And Scope Of The Global Financial Safety Net For Better Performance And Governance Of The Financial Sector
    • Artem Levenkov (Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development)
    • Gennady Vasiliev (Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development)
    • Evgeny Vinokurov (Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development)
  • G20 2021

    Global framework for regulating state-owned multinational enterprises (SOMNES)
    • Akshay Mathur (Observer Research Foundation (ORF))
  • G20 2021

    International standards and the role of central banks in global financial governance
    • Daniel Bradlow (Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria (South Africa))
    • Stephen Park (University of Connecticut (USA))
  • G20 2021

    Ensuring ESG impact: four actionable recommendations for a dependable path
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • José Siaba Serrate (Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI), Buenos Aires (Argentina))
  • G20 2021

    A world recovery fund to overcome developing countries post-Covid debt woes?
    • Alicia García Herrero (Bruegel)
  • G20 2021

    Using risk securitization to ensure against pandemic-related risk
    • Steven L. Schwarcz (Duke University School of Law, Durham (USA))
  • G20 2021

    The need for a development-centred climate change policy at the International Monetary Fund
    • Toby Melissa C. Monsod (University of the Philippines and Financial Futures Center, Manila (Philippines))
    • Sara Jane Ahmed (Vulnerable Group of Twenty (V20) Ministers of Finance)
    • Laveesh Bhandari (Center for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP), New Delhi (India))
    • Amar Bhattacharya (Brookings Institiution)
    • Kevin P. Gallagher (Global Development Policy Center, Boston University (USA))
    • Rishikesh Ram (Bhandary Global Development Policy Center, Boston University (USA))
    • Marilou Uy (Intergovernmental Group of 24 on International Monetary Affairs and Development)
  • G20 2021

    The emergence of new monies and the need to prepare the financial system for the digital age
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • José Siaba Serrate (Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI), Buenos Aires (Argentina))
  • G20 2021

    Strengthening the global financial safety net by broadening systematic access to temporary foreign liquidity
    • Brahima Coulibaly (The Brookings Institution)
    • Eswar Prasad (The Brookings Institution)
  • G20 2021

    Resetting the global financial safety net for the Covid-19 recovery
    • Haihong Gao (Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
    • José Antonio (Ocampo School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University, New York (USA))
    • Kevin Gallagher (Global Development Policy Center, Boston University)
    • William N. Kring (Global Development Policy Center, Boston University (USA))
    • Ulrich Volz (Centre for Sustainable Finance, SOAS, University of London)
  • G20 2021

    Policies for managing a wave of sovereign debt crises
    • Patrick Bolton (Columbia University, New York (USA))
    • Mitu Gulati (Duke University School of Law, Durham (USA))
    • Ugo Panizza (Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, Turin (Italy))
  • G20 2021

    Mitigating and managing the effects of climate change on macro-financial stability and sovereign risk
    • John Beirne (Asian Development Bank Institute)
    • Nuobu Renzhi (Capital University of Economics and Business (CUEB), Beijing (China))
    • Ulrich Volz (Centre for Sustainable Finance, SOAS, University of London)
  • G20 2021

    Exiting the Covid global recession: policy proposals
    • Nuno Cassola (CefES University of Milano-Bicocca (Italy); CEMAPRE University of Lisbon (Portugal))
    • Paul De Grauwe (London School of Economics (LSE))
    • Claudio Morana (CefES University of Milano-Bicocca (Italy))
    • Patrizio Tirelli (University of Pavia (Italy); Griffith University, Brisbane (Australia))
  • G20 2021

    Addressing governance in the token tconomy
    • Alejandro Garofali (Pica European Institute of International Studies (EIIS), Stockholm (Sweden))
    • Jonathan Violante (Pica European Institute of International Studies (EIIS), Stockholm (Sweden))
  • G20 2021

    Countercyclical sovereign financing mechanism for EM economies post Covid-19 recovery: opportunities for multilateral action by the G20
    • Andry Asmoro (Bank Mandiri, Jakarta (Indonesia))
    • Alvin Lumbanraja (Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston IL (USA))
    • Teuku Riefky (Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Indonesia)
  • G20 2020

    Covid-19 crisis: How should the G20 support heavily indebted low-income countries?
    • Lemma W. Senbet (African Economic Research Consortium (AERC))
    • Hopestone Kayiska Chavula (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa)
    • Kathrin Berensmann (German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS))
    • Austin Chiumia (African Economic Research Consortium (AERC))
    • Mma Amara Ekeruche (Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (CSEA))
    • Njuguna Ndung'u (African Economic Research Consortium (AERC))
    • Abebe Shimeles (African Economic Research Consortium (AERC))
    • Aloysius Uche Ordu (SAfrica Growth Initiative, Brookings Institution)
  • G20 2020

    Assessing the impact of stablecoins on the international monetary system: G20 and IMF to study the impac of Facebook’s libra project
    • Eiji Ogawa (Hitotsubashi University)
    • Bertrand Rioux
    • Fatima Yousef Al Sabaie
    • José Siaba Serrate
  • G20 2020

    Time to implement a tech-driven sovereign debt transparency initiative: Concept, design, and policy actions
    • Emilios Avgouleas
    • Rym Ayadi (Euro-Mediterranean Economists Association (EMEA))
  • G20 2020

    Monitoring countrie’s commitment against illicit financial flows
    • Aitor Pérez (Elcano Royal Institute)
    • Gerardo Rodríguez
  • G20 2020

    Digital money is here: G20 (Thinking) must go digital. A systemic agenda is necessary to steer the risky transition process and reap long-term benefits
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • Pavel Trunin (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy)
    • Sergey Drobyshevsky (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy)
    • José Siaba Serrate
    • Halit Unver
  • G20 2020

    Bigtech companies: An inclusive and global regulatory framework is needed
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • José Siaba Serrate
  • G20 2020

    Monetary policies, strategies, and the Covid-19 crisis
    • Franco Bruni
    • José Siaba Serrate
  • G20 2020

    Expanding the global financial safety net
    • Haihong Gao (Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
    • Kevin P. Gallagher (Boston University)
    • William N. Kring
    • José Antonio Ocampo
    • Ulrich Volz (Centre for Sustainable Finance, SOAS, University of London)
  • G20 2020

    Digital Money Is Here: G20 (‘s Thinking) Has To Go Digital, Too
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • Pavel Trunin (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy)
    • Sergey Drobyshevsky (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy)
    • José Siaba Serrate
    • Halit Unver
  • G20 2020

    Monetary Policies Strategies and the COVID-19 Crisis
    • Franco Bruni
    • José Siaba Serrate
  • G20 Japan

    Forming a Cohesive Fintech Agenda for the G20
    • Ussal Sahbaz (Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM))
  • G20 Japan

    Expanding Data Collection to Streamline MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise) Lending
    • Vivek Belgavi (PwC)
    • Avneesh Narang (PwC)
    • Arvind Raj (PwC)
  • G20 Japan

    The Macroprudential Policy Framework Needs to Be Global
    • Claude Lopez (Milken Institute)
    • Franco Bruni
  • G20 Japan

    Strengthening the International Monetary Fund for Stability and Sustainable Development
    • Haihong Gao (Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
    • Kevin P. Gallagher (Boston University)
  • G20 Japan

    Capital Flows and International Financial Architecture
    • Eiji Ogawa (Hitotsubashi University)
    • Junko Shimizu (Gakushuin University)
  • G20 Japan

    Mainstreaming Natural Capital Valuation
    • Akshay Mathur (Observer Research Foundation (ORF))
    • Purvaja Modak (Gateway House)
    • KN Vaidyanathan (Gateway House)
  • G20 Japan

    Mind the Gap: Making Basel Standards Work for Developing Countries
    • Thorsten Beck (Cass Business School)
    • Emily Jones (University of Oxford)
    • Peter Knaack (University of Oxford)
  • G20 Japan

    Central Banks and the G20 Agenda: Ensuring Policy Coherence
    • Alexander Barkawi (Council on Economic Policies)
    • José Siaba Serrate
  • G20 Japan

    Forming a G20 Fintech Association Forum to Broker International Partnerships Promoting Financial Inclusion in Developing and Emerging Economies
    • Shenglin Ben (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Edward Brient (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Krish Chetty (HSRC BRICS Research Centre)
    • Jaya Josie (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Kim Kariuki (Busara Center for Behavioral Economics)
    • Wenwei Li (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Man Luo (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Ephafarus Mashotola (HSRC BRICS Research Centre)
    • Babalwa Siswana (Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC))
    • Zheren Wang (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
  • G20 Japan

    Review of Fintech Strategies for Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Shenglin Ben (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Edward Brient (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Krish Chetty (HSRC BRICS Research Centre)
    • Chernay Johnson (Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion (Cenfri))
    • Jaya Josie (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Kim Kariuki (Busara Center for Behavioral Economics)
    • Wenwei Li (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Man Luo (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
    • Ephafarus Mashotola (HSRC BRICS Research Centre)
    • David Saunders (Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion (Cenfri))
    • Babalwa Siswana (Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC))
    • Herman Smit (Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion (Cenfri))
    • Zheren Wang (Zhejiang University Center for Internet and Financial Innovation)
  • G20 Japan

    Designing a governance framework for the global financial systems – Regulations and Promotion
    • Naoyuki Iwashita (Kyoto University)
    • Yoshi Matsuda (PwC)
  • Global Solutions Journal G20/T20 Italy 2021 Edition

    The Global Solutions Journal G20/T20 Italy 2021 Edition focuses on Italy’s G20 priorities, overcoming the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, Digital Governance and New Measurement. 

    Authors from various sectors – politics, research, academia, business, and civil society – have contributed to this multifaceted edition. 

  • S20 Saudi Arabia Communique

    S20 Saudi Arabia 2020: Read the Communique here.

  • B20 Summary of Recommendations

    B20 Summary of Recommendations: Realizing Opportunities of the 21st Century for all: Transforming for inclusive Growth

    Read more.

  • Final Report by the United Nations Secretary-General’s Task Force on Digital Financing of the Sustainable Development Goals

    Read the full report: People’s Money: Harnessing Digitalization to Finance a Sustainable Future.

  • G20 International Financial Institution Reform Commitments and Compliance

    This research report systemically analyses the G20 Research Group’s database on G20 commitments and compliance on IFI reform, covering the first G20 summit in 2008 through to its 11th in 2016. During this time, the G20 made 120 politically binding, collective, future-oriented commitments on IFI reform in the collective documents it issued at each summit in the leaders’ name.

    Research Report: G20 International Financial Institution Reform Commitments and Compliance; by Brittaney Warren

  • The Threat To Global Banking Standards

    The 2008 financial crisis gave a big boost to the global standard-setters. But there are now dangerous signs that the commitment to strengthening global standards – indeed, to any common standards at all – may be on the wane.

    The Threat To Global Banking Standards; by Howard Davies

  • COVID-19 and Global Capital Flows

    The COVID-19 crisis has triggered major disruptions for exchange rates and global capital flows.•Cross-border portfolio investment stopped in many emerging markets as well as in some advanced economies in March 2020.•Countries have not had to resort to capital controls. To support foreign currency liquidity, several emerging markets have intervened inthe foreign exchange market and relaxed rules on capital inflows.

    Read more.
  • EU solidarity in exceptional times: Corona transfers instead of Coronabonds

    The countries hit hardest by the COVID-19 crisis already have too much debt. Lending from the European Stability Mechanism or via Coronabonds would add to that debt, potentially making it unsustainable. This column suggests that European solidarity should take the form of transfers, not credit. A substantial transfer could be organised via the EU budget simply by exempting the weakest countries from their contributions to the EU budget for the duration of the programming period 2012-2027.

    EU Solidarity in Exceptional Times: Corona Transfers instead of Coronabonds

    By Daniel Gros (CEPS)

     

  • The Helicopters Are Coming

    With the economic situation in many advanced economies rapidly deteriorating, policymakers are rolling out unprecedented stimulus programs, setting the stage for what amounts to a massive experiment with hitherto unorthodox Modern Monetary Theory. Today’s extraordinary problems, it would seem, require extraordinary solutions.

    The Helicopters Are Coming

    By Willem H. Buiter (Columbia University)

  • This is what the economic fallout from coronavirus could look like

    The shock to the global economy from COVID-19 has been both faster and more severe than the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and even the Great Depression. In those two previous episodes, stock markets collapsed by 50% or more, credit markets froze up, massive bankruptcies followed, unemployment rates soared above 10%, and GDP contracted at an annualized rate of 10% or more. But all of this took around three years to play out. In the current crisis, similarly dire macroeconomic and financial outcomes have materialized in three weeks.

    This is what the economic fallout from coronavirus could look like

    By Nouriel Roubini (Stern School of Business)

  • The Greater Trade Collapse of 2020: Learnings from the 2008-09 Great Trade Collapse

    World trade experienced a sudden, severe, and synchronised collapse in 2008 – the steepest drop in recorded history, and the deepest fall since the Great Depression. This column argues that 2020 will show a trade collapse that is far larger since the ‘COVID concussion’ is both a demand shock and a supply shock while the 2008-09 collapse was driven mostly by a demand shock. Key learnings from the last Great Trade Collapse are highlighted.

    The Greater Trade Collapse of 2020: Learnings from the 2008-09 Great Trade Collapse

    By Richard Baldwin (Graduate Institute Geneva)

  • Will COVID-19 Remake the World?

    No one should expect the pandemic to alter – much less reverse – tendencies that were evident before the crisis. Neoliberalism will continue its slow death, populist autocrats will become even more authoritarian, and the left will continue to struggle to devise a program that appeals to a majority of voters.

    Will COVID-19 Remake the World?

    By Dani Rodrik (Harvard University – Kennedy School of Government)

  • The fiscal response to the economic fallout from the coronavirus

    The various lock-down measures in response to coronavirus have halted economic activity in certain sectors and harshly disrupted others. The resulting job losses and bankruptcies are likely to create major economic strains for millions in Europe and worldwide.

    In the euro area, the European Central Bank has reacted with strong monetary policy and supervisory measures announced on 12 and 18 March 2020. Governments throughout the European Union have started to announce and implement various fiscal measures to contain the economic fallout. European state aid rules and fiscal rules have been suspended.

    In this dataset we summarise and compare the discretionary fiscal responses of EU countries, the United Kingdom and the United States. We consider only adopted measures. Other measures under discussion will be added to our comparison when adopted.

    The fiscal response to the economic fallout from the coronavirus

    By Julia Anderson, Enrico Bergamini, Sybrand Brekelmans, Aliénor Cameron, Zsolt Darvas, Marta Domínguez Jíménez (Bruegel)

  • Supply and Demand Shocks in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Industry and Occupation Perspective

    We provide quantitative predictions of first-order supply and demand shocks for the US economy associated with the COVID-19 pandemic at the level of individual occupations and industries. To analyze the supply shock, we classify industries as essential or non-essential and construct a Remote Labor Index, which measures the ability of different occupations to work from home. Demand shocks are based on a study of the likely effect of a severe influenza epidemic developed by the US Congressional Budget Office. Compared to the pre-COVID period, these shocks would threaten around 22% of the US economy’s GDP, jeopardise 24% of jobs and reduce total wage income by 17%. At the industry level, sectors such as transport are likely to have output constrained by demand shocks, while sectors relating to manufacturing, mining and services are more likely to be constrained by supply shocks. Entertainment, restaurants and tourism face large supply and demand shocks. At the occupation level, we show that high-wage occupations are relatively immune from adverse supply and demand side shocks, while low-wage occupations are much more vulnerable. We should emphasize that our results are only first-order shocks – we expect them to be substantially amplified by feedback effects in the production network.

    Supply and Demand Shocks in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Industry and Occupation Perspective

    By Anton Pichler, François Lafond, J. Doyne Farmer, R. Maria del Rio-Chanona, Penny Mealy (University of Oxford – Institute for New Economic Thinking)

  • A Coordinated, Unlimited and Flexible Insurance Policy to Respond to the Pandemic

    The COVID-19 global pandemic has the potential to trigger a systemic economic crisis. A coordinated and rapid International (and European) response is essential. This analysis details the economic policy objectives that should form part of the response and its toolkit in the areas of monetary, fiscal and trade policy. Governments must be on the front line of this economic battle, working in close alignment with the steps taken by the health system to fight the pandemic, providing a coordinated, unlimited and flexible insurance policy to minimise the economic impact.

    A Coordinated, Unlimited and Flexible Insurance Policy to Respond to the Pandemic

    By Gonzalo García-Andrés (Elcano Royal Institute)

In The Spotlight

Mainstreaming sustainability and global cooperation will need reforms on the global financial system

Mainstreaming Sustainability and Global Cooperation will Need Reforms on the Global Financial System JAKARTA, 21 FEBRUARY 2022. G20 has always been a forum that recognizes the importance of collective action and inclusive collaboration among major developed and emerging economies worldwide. Inclusive collaboration […]


G20 needs to provide inclusive energy system to accelerate global energy transition

G20 Needs to Provide Inclusive Energy System to Accelerate Global Energy Transition JAKARTA, 21 FEBRUARY 2022. G20 member countries accounted for about 75% of global energy demand. Therefore, the G20 countries have a big responsibility and strategic role in encouraging the use […]


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