To meet these challenges, following the framework from Transformations for a Sustainable Ocean Economy report2 outlined in Appendix 1, we recommend that G20 leaders in Bali commit to the following five things: REJUVENATE THE LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS TO CONSERVE AND RESTORE […]
The perceived unequal distribution of gains from data combined with the risk of data transfer overseas requires G20 leaders to factor in the multidimensionality of digital data in their effort to encourage DFFT. Free data flows narratives need to explore reasons beyond […]
This policy brief proposes ways in which G20 governments can achieve an active market role for citizens, shifting the regulatory paradigm towards an individual-empowered, human-centered data governance regime. In short, this could be achieved by: Adopting a multi-tiered definition for personal information […]
Based on the abovementioned problems, we propose that the concept of sustainable development is used to solve the world’s problems gradually and sustainably as a policy. The idea is to implement a LL based on accurate data and using all data to […]
Existing International Treaties A brief review of existing international treaties is presented as follows. LONDON CONVENTION The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972, recognised as the London Convention, is amongst the pioneers of […]
The need for immediate and urgent action against climate change is widely recognised. With more battery use in the future, it is critical to establish a sustainable CEB to ensure the battery value chain remains secure for future consumption. The G20 members, […]
Responding to the three major challenges in RE financing three main proposals are formulated as a comprehensive and interrelated bundle through regional cooperation schemes. PROPOSAL 1: DEVELOP A COMMON PLATFORM AS AN INVESTMENT HUB TO ESCALATE CAPITAL INFLOW FOR RE FINANCING IN […]
In view of these challenges, this brief proposes redirecting global strategies and regional cooperation pathways to an inclusive NZE strategy. In 2019, two Group of 20 (G20) members, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, were among the world’s biggest energy producing nations (fourth and […]
Transformative innovation policy (TIP) proposes fundamental alterations on the existing socio- technical systems to overcome obstacles (Molas-Gallart et al., 2021). To understand the need for TIP, we should first acknowledge the need for a clear way to design, implement, and manage challenge-driven […]
As the predominant form of business and employment, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are key actors for building more inclusive and sustainable growth, increasing economic resilience and improving social cohesion. In fact, across the OECD, MSMEs account for about 60% of […]
Against the backdrop of heightened cybersecurity threats and risks, governments have a significant role to play in ensuring that businesses can operate without the constant fear of cyberattacks. Regulatory environment can be improved to build cyber resiliency. Step 1 – Formalize Cybersecurity […]
Three key concepts, which account for controversial elements in the approaches of “free flow of data” and “data sovereignty”, stand out: privacy, size of data spaces and data localization. We propose that finding a common understanding in these areas can result in […]
PROPOSAL 1. TRADE & FINANCING: ENHANCEMENT THROUGH PRICE CAP AND FINANCING FACILITIES Given the current shipping bottlenecks and shortage of fleet, combined with a non-existent financing facility, especially for developing countries, we propose: Price Caps to Tackle Unreasonable and Uncompetitive Cost This […]
The policy brief lays out three proposals to help address these challenges, as summarized in figure 1. Figure 1: Overview of developments, challenges, and solutions to grow climate FDI Proposal 1. Mandate an expert group to agree on a definition of climate […]
Figure 1 visualises our thesis that stimulating digital entrepreneurship can keep or make GVCs more inclusive while retaining their international competitiveness. It argues that the capacity for SMEs to get access to and benefit from GVCs can be increased through their digital […]
To explore policy guidelines with an overarching spirit of inclusivity and transparency to promote green trade while managing climate-related issues, through harmonization of different environmental standards, coordinated carbon policy and border adjustment initiatives, transfer of technology with capacity building, this policy brief […]
In order to support cooperation, the key following recommendations should be implemented: Unnecessary trade barriers (both tariffs and non-tariff measures) should be avoided, and strong engagement with the WTO and its rules must be preserved; Attention must be given to specific details […]
By identifying best practice policy and regulatory settings for international digital competitiveness, this paper proposes a simplified framework of evidence-based benchmarks to guide structural reform efforts oriented to incentivizing innovation in digital industries. The paper covers policy settings in relation to: digital […]
Key enablers of 4IR transition The Group of 20 (G20) and the world economy are going to embrace the 4IR in an accelerated fashion in the coming years. The growing spread of digital products and services will make this process irreversible regardless […]
The authors propose that the G20 initiate a forum to discuss an evaluation framework for sustainable investment initiatives to help address these challenges. The forum should initially focus on the following: unification of corporate disclosure standards (Proposal 1); enhancement of the transparency, […]
Context Classification of Green Industry and Green Trade The classification of green trade is derived from the classification of green industry, which covers more industries than the traditional classification of “climate” and “environmental” industries. When it is said that trade is a […]
This is a critical moment for the international community to take action given the following recent developments: 1. Research has detected de facto convergence and lessons learned on rules of origin and their administration Research has identified that preferential RoO in FTAs […]
Figure 1. The transition framework from centralized to federated governance via Measurement Matrix To address the aforementioned challenges, a comprehensive framework is needed to ensure each level of problem is properly taken into account. The main concept of governance transition from centralized […]
We propose that the G20 take a globally-coordinated and multi-faceted approach that supports the digital inclusion and empowerment of women entrepreneurs in the post-pandemic era. Our recommendations focus on achieving three main objectives: (1) building digital capacity among WSMEs, (2) increasing WSMEs’ […]
Digital transformation is one of the focus of this year’s G20 forum. G20 governments are expected to share their efforts and investments toward rural areas. Therefore, Digitization and digital transformation in rural areas have become important in creating inclusive recovery and assisting […]
A high-level panel on Digital Cooperation[2] recently noted several gaps and challenges in the existing architecture, including the lack of political will, lack of inclusiveness of some crucial stakeholders, multiplicity of autonomous operators with overlapping mandates, as well as a lack of […]
This Policy Brief offers three recommendations to the G20 to implement a comprehensive framework for protecting smart critical infrastructures in both the national and the international spheres by mobilizing the driver role played by inclusive partnerships between the public and private sectors […]
The effort is to make use of knowledge-driven digital capacity in support of G20 priorities, typically post-pandemic health, climate change policy, and sustainable development and finance. Attention is to be directed as well to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, […]
The dystopian analysis, argumentation, and prognoses about AI do not mean we are pessimistic about AI. Still, it was an effort to identify the evil and harmful of AI to set practical policies for exploiting AI to improve the quality of human […]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a wide potential to replace systems that work by identifying, sifting through, and analysing large amounts of data to interpret patterns and automating processes (Toplic, 2020). AI can amplify ongoing work as per the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable […]
There is broad consensus that digital transformation has been brought forward by years, and is permeating nearly all economic sectors and functions (McKinsey Digital, 2020). Firms realize they need to invest in digital capacity or risk losing market share or even go […]
One of the most significant challenges of our time is reconciling the progress of ICTs and ICT-based applications—known as digitalization—with efforts to achieve a green economy (Langer et al., 2020; Knowles et al. 2022). The first problem is that there is no […]
Different countries face different challenges in achieving broadband deployment, adoption, and use; however, they also bring different strengths to the task. Among the dimensions on which countries differ are (1) disposable income; (2) the degree of digital competence on the part of […]
1. The G20 should identify and encourage countries to share experiences in smart city development and develop Unified Smart city framework and Model Many cities in G20 countries have valuable and unique experiences in transforming cities into smart cities through specialized programs […]
Our Research Note highlights the debate on the Cross-border Trilemma and how countries should adapt their digitalization strategy, in-particular on its data flow. We review the pros and cons, and the role of global cooperation fully supported and driven by the G20 […]
PPP arrangements rely on (i) user payments, (ii) a single government user paying or (iii) a mix of these where the government payment is a subsidy. Most G20 countries have well established user pay models for the delivery of services and substantial […]
This policy brief examines the role of the IMF, the only rules-based, global institution charged with maintaining financial and economic stability, in moving towards low-carbon development. The IMF has three major tools at its disposal that it needs to deploy to address […]
The appropriate tools for preparing a suitable tax policy following the global tax reform suggested by Pillar Two are crucial. Countries may need to adjust their domestic tax laws and income tax regimes to ensure that MNEs will not be subjected to […]
“Because for prosperity to be sustained, it must be shared” – G20 Seoul Summit, Annex I Proposal 1: Incorporate the CCE approach into the ESG framework. Establishing a digital register to integrate carbon-management processes (reuse, reduce, recycle and remove) into the financial […]
Financial integration in the G20 using integrated CBDC settlement platforms could become central in international finance and benefit economic growth through risk-sharing, improvements in efficiency allocation, and reductions in macroeconomic volatility and transaction costs. With the emergence of national CBDCs, and trade […]
The need to promote international capital flows to green investments in developing countries The main problem concerning the financing of a green transition is supply, in which the financing needs for green projects do not match the volume of investment flows to […]
Given the current risks of multiple crises faced by African countries, this proposal advocates for the creation of a new Regional Financing Arrangement (RFA), the African Stability Mechanism (ASM), to alleviate countries’ short-term liquidity constraints. The ASM should provide liquidity lines to […]
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (2019) conducted a global fintech survey in which member countries identified major areas that require international cooperation in relation to fintech. Also, areas in need of the establishment of international standards were pointed out. […]
Group of 20 (G20) members have an important role in governing multilateral development banks. The G20 has a unique opportunity to help MDBs tackle the challenges created by climate change and help member states shift to sustainable development pathways. With the capital […]
Debt-restructuring processes, with their associated conditionalities, are aimed at helping distressed economies to return to a sustainable path of macroeconomic stability and economic growth. Of course, the way in which “sustainability” is defined is key to determining the set of policies to […]
Since the start of the pandemic, financial support provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and multilateral development banks has provided a lifeline to many governments in the Global South. However, large portions of these public transfers have been used by debtor […]
This policy brief provides proposals on how the G20 can address these problems and better operationalise the Common Framework. Since the G20 is the most important forum gathering the main creditors of developing countries, decisions made by the G20 are crucial to […]
If properly designed, the global ESG framework and standards should guide firms to disclose ESG information that will help: the companies to adjust their strategy depending on their goals and understand the corresponding impact on their ESG assessment; the investors to have […]
Aspects to consider: People look for “convenient, fast, internet-ready, seamless payments, and it is our responsibility to provide the backbone of those payment systems and keep them state of the art[1]” (Powell, 2021). Non-cash transactions are poised to expand at 18.6 percent […]